Architecture Subject to Circumstance

Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Dalí Museum

(St. Petersburg, Florida) Most people visiting the Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, probably don't realize that one of the largest collections of Salvador Dalí's work in America began as a private collection in suburban Ohio. What is now a major cultural institution, housed in an impressive waterfront building, started with a husband and wife who simply developed an extraordinary interest in one artist.

The story begins in 1942, when Reynolds and Eleanor Morse attended a Salvador Dalí exhibition at the Cleveland Museum of Art. Fascinated by his work, they purchased their first painting the following year as a belated wedding gift to themselves. That purchase began a decades-long relationship with Dalí and his wife Gala, eventually growing into one of the most significant private collections of his work in the world.

For years, the Morses displayed their growing collection in their Cleveland home. By 1971, they had accumulated enough artwork to open a small museum in Beachwood, Ohio, adjacent to Reynolds Morse's business. Dalí himself attended the opening. It's an unusual origin for a museum of this significance, particularly considering that its founders were not professional curators or museum directors, but enthusiastic collectors who wanted to share their passion.

As the collection continued to grow, the couple began searching for a permanent home where the artwork could remain together. After several unsuccessful possibilities, a newspaper article caught the attention of civic leaders in St. Petersburg, Florida. The city rallied around the opportunity, and in 1982, the Dalí Museum opened in a converted waterfront warehouse. What began as a personal hobby in Ohio had become a major cultural attraction hundreds of miles away . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Ribbon Chair

(Pierre Paulin, 1966) The Ribbon Chair by Pierre Paulin is one of those pieces of furniture that seems to have been designed with almost no regard for what a chair was supposed to look like. Designed in 1966 for Artifort, the chair abandons the familiar arrangement of legs, arms, seat, and back in favor of a single continuous form. The result is somewhere between furniture, sculpture, and a piece of Pop Art.

Paulin was part of a generation of designers taking advantage of materials and manufacturing techniques that simply weren't available to furniture makers a few decades earlier. Rather than exposing a timber or steel frame, as designers like Marcel Breuer had done, Paulin concealed the structure beneath foam and stretch fabric. The chair's internal steel frame is almost irrelevant visually. What we see instead is one sweeping upholstered surface.

That surface is what gives the chair its name. From the side, the form appears to fold and curl like a ribbon, creating the seat, back, and arms through a series of continuous curves. There is something almost impossible about it at first glance. The chair looks soft and fluid, yet underneath the upholstery is a carefully engineered structure holding everything in place.

The Ribbon Chair also feels distinctly of its time. By the 1960s, furniture design had moved far beyond the restrained functionalism associated with the early Modernists. Plastics, foam, fiberglass, and synthetic fabrics allowed designers to create increasingly expressive forms. Furniture could suddenly be colorful, playful, and sculptural. Paulin embraced that freedom throughout his career, producing chairs that often looked more like landscapes or objects than conventional furniture . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Wassily Chair

(Marcel Breuer, 1925) There are certain pieces of furniture that feel inseparable from architecture, and Marcel Breuer’s Wassily Chair is one of them. Designed in 1925 while Breuer was working at the Bauhaus in Dessau, the chair looks less like traditional furniture and more like a small piece of engineered structure. Nearly a century later, its tubular steel frame still feels surprisingly modern.

The inspiration famously came from an unlikely place: the bicycle. Breuer was fascinated by the strength and lightness of the tubular steel used in bicycle frames and began experimenting with the same material for furniture. At the time, chairs were still largely constructed from solid wood, so replacing that mass with a thin continuous framework of bent steel was a radical proposition. The chair wasn't carved or assembled from heavy components; it was essentially drawn in space with a metal tube.

The original design was known as the Model B3. The name "Wassily Chair" actually came later, after the painter and fellow Bauhaus professor Wassily Kandinsky admired the design and Breuer produced a version for him. When the chair was reissued decades later, Kandinsky's association became part of its identity, and the nickname stuck.

What makes the chair particularly interesting is how little material is actually required to define it. The tubular frame establishes the overall volume while strips of fabric or leather create only the surfaces necessary to support the body. Everything else is left open. The conventional upholstered armchair has effectively been stripped down until only its structural diagram remains . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Spanish Chair

(Børge Mogensen, 1958) Few pieces of furniture manage to feel both rugged and refined, and the Spanish Chair sits squarely in that rare overlap. Designed by Børge Mogensen in 1958, it embodies a kind of Nordic pragmatism that somehow reads as luxurious rather than utilitarian. Wide planks of solid wood. Thick saddle leather slung between them. Hardware that doesn’t try to hide. Everything honest, structural, and beautifully overbuilt.

Mogensen reportedly drew inspiration from the traditional chairs he encountered in Andalusia—heavy, low-slung seats with broad armrests meant to act almost like side tables. But his interpretation feels unmistakably Danish: reduced to essential geometry, resolved with precision, and elevated through craftsmanship. It’s a chair that looks like it could survive a lifetime of use, but also one that demands to be used—creased leather, patina, and all.

The proportions are intentional and slightly strange by contemporary standards. The seat is low and deep, insisting on a more relaxed posture. The arms are flat and generously wide, designed to hold a drink, a book, or even a momentary pause of the hand. The exposed buckle straps underneath—the element most people overlook—are responsible for the chair’s surprising comfort. As the leather softens, the suspension adjusts itself, creating a seat that becomes more accommodating as it ages . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Glass Block

(Train Station Terminal) Glass block is one of those architectural materials that cycles in and out of relevance without ever fully disappearing. It lives in a strange middle ground: too familiar to be exotic, too industrial to be luxurious, too translucent to be opaque. Yet every decade or so, it resurfaces—sometimes earnestly, sometimes ironically—as designers rediscover its particular combination of light, texture, and mass.

Most people associate glass block with mid-century municipal buildings, school corridors, basement windows, or the bathrooms of 1970s renovations. The material reached its architectural peak in the post-war era, when mass-production made it cheap, durable, and easy to assemble. It promised daylighting without privacy loss, insulation without the heaviness of masonry, and a “modern” aesthetic available to every builder. In an age obsessed with hygienic surfaces and bright, glare-free interiors, glass block fit the brief perfectly.

The photo above—taken in a train station stairwell—captures both the appeal and the oddity of the material. Dozens of individual blocks, each imperfect and slightly wavy, form a thick, luminous skin. Under the recessed ceiling lights, the wall reads almost like frozen water: rigid in assembly, fluid in texture. The geometry is earnest, repetitive, and undeniably dated, yet there’s something compelling about the way the pattern catches and scatters light. Even when grime accumulates in the joints, the overall effect remains strangely atmospheric . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Span

(Connecticut River) The Cheshire Bridge, an essential crossing over the Connecticut River, connects Charlestown, New Hampshire, and Springfield, Vermont. This historic structure has undergone multiple transformations since its initial construction in the early 19th century, reflecting the evolving demands of transportation and engineering advancements over the years.

The first bridge at this location was completed in 1806 by the Cheshire Bridge Co. This original structure was a Town lattice covered toll bridge, a wooden covered bridge that served as a crucial link for commerce and travel in the region.

In 1897, the Springfield Electric Railway acquired the bridge, recognizing its strategic importance for freight and passenger transit. However, as transportation methods progressed, the need for a sturdier and more modern structure became evident.

To meet increasing demands, the old wooden bridge was replaced in 1906 by the Iron Bridge Co. at a cost of $65,000 (equivalent to approximately $2.2 million today). The new bridge was a three-span steel Pratt truss bridge, boasting a 600-foot (180-meter) span and a 20-foot (6.1-meter) wide roadway. This robust structure accommodated vehicles traveling in both directions, along with freight and passenger rail cars, enhancing the bridge’s role as a transportation hub . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Volume

(Tate Modern, London) The Tate Modern’s Turbine Hall in London stands as one of the most iconic architectural spaces in contemporary museum design. Housed in the former Bankside Power Station, redesigned by Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron, the vast industrial volume of the Turbine Hall has become a defining feature of the Tate Modern experience.

Herzog & de Meuron, known for their innovative and context-sensitive designs, have played a crucial role in redefining contemporary architecture. The Swiss duo, Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, have a signature approach that blends materiality, historic continuity, and modern functionality. Their work on the Tate Modern extends beyond the Turbine Hall, with their 2016 extension, the Blavatnik Building, further reinforcing their commitment to adaptive reuse and urban integration.

Measuring 115 feet in height and stretching over 500 feet in length, the hall’s cavernous proportions create an atmosphere that is at once awe-inspiring and deeply immersive. Originally designed to house the station’s turbines, the space now serves as a blank canvas for some of the world’s most ambitious site-specific art installations . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Carbon

(270 Park Avenue, New York) At 1,388 feet (60 stories), 270 Park Avenue stands as a testament to modern construction innovation. Designed by Foster + Partners, this skyscraper serves as the new global headquarters for JPMorgan Chase, embodying a blend of aesthetic elegance and cutting-edge technology. The building's design features an innovative structural system, including a fan-column structure and triangular bracing, allowing it to "touch the ground lightly" across the entire block. This approach not only addresses site constraints but also creates a distinctive visual identity. The façade, reaching the roof parapet, is composed of high-performance glass and steel, giving the tower a sleek, modern appearance.

While JPMorgan Chase’s new headquarters at 270 Park Avenue boasts cutting-edge sustainability features, there’s an underlying contradiction—its embodied carbon footprint. The skyscraper replaced an existing 52-story office building, formerly occupied by JPMorgan Chase, that was only 60 years old. The decision to demolish and rebuild rather than retrofit raises concerns about whether the project is as environmentally responsible as it claims to be . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Anthropomorphic

(Nam June Paik - Bakelite Robot, 2002) This robot was created in the mid-1980’s. It is a figure composed of scavenged materials such as LCD monitors, electric lights, and oil marker. The artist works with these series of nearly life-sized anthropomorphic sculptures depicting a timeline of incremental advancements in communication technologies. Paik uses these explorations to depict humans fused with technology - a vision that in many ways has come to pass today with technology fully integrated into almost every aspect of our daily lives. The robot is also a way for technology to access both art and pop culture . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Style II

(Madison & 65th) This is a new development by COOKFOX Architects, which had it’s new building permits filed in February 2019. The proposed tower is 189-feet tall and will yield a total of 91,179 square feet of space. The building is mixed use; 66,811 square feet is designed for residential and 19,387 square feet is for commercial. The structure attempts to push avant-garde with it’s undulating concrete waves, questioning the boundaries of modernity. The buildings innovative floor plan maximizes natural light penetration and uses ultra strength concrete to do so. Once clad, this building will stand above many other low-rise buildings in the Madison Avenue business district . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Symbol

(Storm King Arts Center) Seen here is Alexander Calder’s ‘Black Flag’. Completed in 1974. There is not much information documented on this specific Calder piece. We see again Calder’s ability to imbue simple forms with profound meaning (unclear what the exact meaning is in this case). The piece is composed of sleek black lines intersecting to form a dynamic composition. There is definitely an air of mystery and intrigue here. The title “Black Flag”, could hint at themes of rebellion and defiance, inviting viewers to contemplate the deeper symbolism at play . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Interplay

(Storm King Arts Center) This is a scaled version of Alexander Calder’s ‘Jerusalem Stabile’. Completed in 1976 (the year of Calders’ death), the original 72-foot-long sculpture was built in Mt. Herzl, Jerusalem. Built with his usual pallet of sheet metal, bolts, and paint; the original was meant to serve as a symbol of modernity and hope in Israel. In the 1/3 scale version, this 24 foot claw-like archway and gate still evokes a welcoming civic feeling. In the realm of art, Alexander Calder is renowned for his groundbreaking contributions to the world of sculpture. His creations captivate audiences worldwide, transcending the boundaries of time and space. A mesmerizing facet of his lies in his mastery of color. The dynamic interplay of form and hue evoke a sense of vitality and movement that is quintessentially Calder . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Grandeur

(Place d’Armes square, Old Montreal) Nestled amidst the bustling streets of Montreal, Canada, stands a true testament to the elegance and sophistication of the Art Deco era—the Aldred Building. Erected in 1931, this architectural gem, designed by renowned firm Barott and Blackader, embodies the spirit of innovation and opulence that defined the period. From its striking façade adorned with intricate geometric motifs to its soaring height (316 feet, or 23 stories) that commands attention, the Aldred Building exudes an air of timeless grandeur . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Marquee

(6th Ave, Manhattan) One of New York City's most iconic and enduring treasures: Radio City Music Hall. This majestic Art Deco masterpiece stands as a testament to the timeless elegance and innovation of architectural design. Designed by architects Edward Durell Stone and Donald Deskey, Radio City Music Hall opened its doors in 1932. The hallmark of its design is the perfect marriage of glamour and functionality. Its grand foyer, adorned with opulent chandeliers, showcases an extraordinary blend of modernism and art deco motifs. The geometric patterns and lavish use of polished materials epitomize the era's luxury . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Capacity

(Kings Theatre, Brooklyn) Seen here is the ‘Mighty Wurlitzer Organ’, a large impressive pipe organ originally installed when the theatre opening in 1929. It was used to enhance the moviegoing experience during the silent film era to complement the films being screened. This instrument was restored in 2010 during fixes to the architecture of the space. The building was designed by the Architects Rapp and Rapp. Known for its opulent and ornate design, it is a prime example of the French Baroque Revival style . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Basilica

(Old City, Montreal) In the heart of Montreal lies a true masterpiece: the Notre-Dame Basilica. Nestled in the vibrant Old Montreal neighborhood, this iconic basilica is an architectural gem that transcends time. When you first lay eyes on Notre-Dame, you're greeted by an eclectic blend of architectural styles. This basilica seamlessly marries Gothic Revival and French Gothic architectures, showcasing intricate stained glass windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses reminiscent of medieval cathedrals. The façade, adorned with a kaleidoscope of sculptures and intricate detailing, is nothing short of awe-inspiring. Step inside, and you'll be greeted by an explosion of colors and light. The interior is a testament to the genius of architect James O'Donnell and the skill of sculptor Victor Bourgeau . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Religion

(Wat Pho, Bangkok) By order of the King, these three chedis were built next to each other in a straight line north to south. The architectural style of chedi’s are all the same; bell-shaped with a 20 corner square and lotus bases. This chedi measures 52 feet wide and 138 feet tall. There is a tapering conical top and a tip of spire decorated with a jewel ball. These structures are Buddhist places of worship typically containing the remains of monks or other holy relics. Traditionally there is no access to the inside. Some of the very large chedis where built to attract wandering pilgrims. According to early Buddhist sources the practice of constructing these mounds dates back to the 5th century BC . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Civic

(Hanoi, Vietnam): This Mausoleum is the resting place of modern Vietnam’s “Great Father” and iconic leader, Ho Chi Minh. Located in Ba Dinh Square, the construction of Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum began in 1973 and was complete in 1975. The building is completely grey granite, similar to Lenin’s Tomb in Moscow. The inscription “Chu Tich”’ means “President” inscribed on the Mausoleum’s portico. This structure is 70 feet high and 135 feet wide. The Vietnamese people consider Ho Chi Minh a hero because the liberated Vietnam from French colonialism, however he did create the Communist party that still reigns today. Some citizens are against the current Communist party but still respect Ho Chi Minh as a national hero because he brought independence for the country . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Superfund

(Kings County): The Gowanus Canal runs 1.8 miles through South Brooklyn. Its borders the neighborhoods of Red Hook, Carroll Gardens, and Gowanus. It was once a vital cargo transportation hub but has seen decreased use with the decline of domestic water shipping. As industrial pollutants drained into the Canal it became recognized as one of the most polluted bodies of water in the U.S. As Brooklyn waterfront redevelopment attracted upper-class residents, cleanup concerns adjacent to the waterfront began. It was designated a Superfund site in 2009, and restoration began in 2013. With dredging and the area cleanup nearly complete, the city forecasts construction of roughly 16,000 Gowanus apartments to boost the areas economy . . .

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Alexander Gault Alexander Gault

Revival

(Hollywood Boulevard): This type of architecture is called Exotic Revival style. The building houses one of the largest movie screens in North America and has hosted a variety of premiers / Academy Awards. Common types of buildings which may be Exotic Revival in style are churches, banks, theaters and government buildings. The most common revival is typically Egyptian, Greek or Italianate styles in form. Identifiable features can be massive columns, façade symbols, decorative cornices, and window enframements . . .

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